Language 1: Greek
Language 2: Turkish
Use:: National
Use:: National
Use in percentages:: >75%
Use in percentages:: 11-25%
Language 1: Greek
Language 2: Turkish
Comments on 1.3: Comments concerning 1.2
According to the Constitution (art. 3§1) both Greek and Turkish are official languages of the Republic of Cyprus. Every citizen has the right to use either of the two languages with authorities (art. 3&8). However, since 1974 Greek is not used as an official language in the occupied area, and is only spoken by a small minority of Greek Cypriots who remain under Turkish administration. Constitutional proviso for the Turkish language is still valid in the non occupied area, but it is actively used only by a minority of Turkish Cypriots living in some areas. Turkish retains its official status in the non occupied area and is used in official documents as passports and identity cards, acts of birth, money, stamps etc. and in some government services.
Sources:
Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/C44572D7363776ACC2256EBD004F3BB3?OpenDocument
Karyolemou, M. 2007. «La langue turque à Chypre : Gestion d’une diglossie à bilinguisme de minorité», in : Baider Fabienne (ed.) Emprunts linguistiques, Empreintes culturelles Métissage orient-occident. Paris: L'Harmattan. 125-140.
Comments concerning 1.3
According to the Constitution (art. 3§4) judicial proceedings are conducted and judgements are drawn in Greek whenever the parties involved are Greek, in Turkish whenever the parties involved are Turkish, and in both the Greek and the Turkish languages if the parties are Greek and Turkish. Art. 189 of the Constitution stipulates, however, that English could be used in the legislation and the courts for a period of five years after independence (1960). Article 189 reads as follows:
Notwithstanding anything in Article 3 contained, for a period of five years after the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution-
(a) all laws which under Article 188 will continue to be in force may continue to be in the English language;
(b) the English language may be used in any proceedings before any court in the Republic.
The law applied initially for a period of 5 years deemed necessary to provide a translation of the legislation in the official languages. However, due to the political problem and the gradual geopolitical separation of the Greek and Turkish communities, in 1965 the Cypriot Parliament decided to extend the five year period until the translation of all the laws was completed. English continued to be used until 1988. In 1988, after a long debate, the Parliament voted law 67/1988 reaffirming the official status of Greek and Turkish and setting as an imperative the immediate translation of all the laws by August 16th, 1989 at the latest. The same date was also set as a deadline for the use of Greek in courts. English ceased indeed to be used in courts on the expected date, but the translation of the laws was not completed until 1996. Given the political separation of the two communities, the translation concerned only the Greek language. Translation of legislation into Turkish is still pending.
Sources:
Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/C44572D7363776ACC2256EBD004F3BB3?OpenDocument
Karyolemou, Marilena. 2007. «La langue turque à Chypre : Gestion d’une diglossie à bilinguisme de minorité». In Baider Fabienne (ed.) Emprunts linguistiques, Empreintes culturelles. Métissage orient-occident. Paris: L'Harmattan. 125-140.
Karyolemou, Marilena. 2001. «From linguistic liberalism to legal regulation: The Greek language in Cyprus». Language Problems and Language Planning 25/1: 25-52.
Karoulla-Vrikki, Dimitra. 2001. “English or Greek language? State or ethnic identity; The case of the courts in Cyprus. Language Problems and Language Planning 25(2), 259-288.
No
Comments on 1.4: Art. 11§4/§6 and art.12§5(a) stipulate that any person arrested or taken into court has the right to be informed in a language that he duly understands of the reasons of their arrest and accusation. Art. 30(e) gives the right to a person who is not able to understand the language of the court to have an interpreter.
Sources:
Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/C44572D7363776ACC2256EBD004F3BB3?OpenDocument
Yes
1.0: (Western) Armenian
2.0: Cypriot Arabic
3.0: Kurbetcha (Roma language – almost obsolete)
Comments on 1.5: Armenian has been recognized as a minority language within the meaning of the Charter of Regional and Minority Languages of the Council of Europe in August 2005.
Cypriot Arabic has been recognized as a minority language in its own right within the meaning of the Charter in November 2008.
The status of Kurbetcha is unclear: It seems that the Roma community is linguistically assimilated to the Turkish speaking community. Some recent research suggests the presence of residual elements of Kurbetcha in the Turkish variety spoken by the Roma.
Sources:
Bielenberg Brian & Constantinou Costas (eds) Empowerment through language revival: Current efforts and recommendations for Cypriot Maronite Arabic. Nicosia: PRIO: Paper 2.
Borg, Alexander. 1985. Cypriot Arabic: Α Historical and Comparative Investigation into the Phonology and Morphology of the Arabic Vernacular Spoken by the Maronites of Kormakiti Village in the Kyrenia District of North-Western Cyprus. [Marburg]: [Deutsche Morgländische Gesellschaft]. Stuttgart: Komissionsverlag Steiner Wiesbaden.
Iacovidou, Kyriaki. 2008. “Cultural difference and the politics of recognition. The case of the Roma of Cyprus”, in The politics of diversity in Europe edited by Gavan Titley & Alana Lentin, Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publications. 73-87.
Karyolemou, M. 2010. «The demographics of the Cypriot Maronite Community and of Cypriot Arabic speakers», in: B. Bielenberg Bian & C. Constantinou (eds) Empowerment through language revival: Current efforts and recommendations for Cypriot Maronite Arabic. Nicosia: PRIO: Paper 2. 1-7.
Karyolemou, M. 2012. “Aspectes d’identitat a la comunitat àrab de Xipre”, in: Joan Argenter (ed.), Identitat, Europa, Mediterrània. Dinàmiques identitàries a la Mediterrània. Barcelona: Càtedra UNESCO de Llengües i Educació & Institut dʼEstudis Catalans. 117-132.
Karyolemou, M. 2009. “Minorities and minority languages in Cyprus”, in Α. Varnavas, N. Koureas & M. Elia (eds) The Minorities of Cyprus: Development Patterns and the Identity of the Internal-Exclusion, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars. 316-336.
Marsh, Adrian and Strand, Elin. 2003. ... Spies, deserters and undesirable persons... , the Gypsies of Cyprus, 1322-2003. Kuri 1(8). http://www.domresearchcenter.com/journal/countries/cyprus/
Newton, Brian. 1964. An Arabic-Greek dialect. Word 20(3) (Supplement): 43-52.
Pattie, Suzan. 1997. Faith in History. Armenians Rebuilding Community. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Renkema, Wim Jan. 1995. Regional Identities in Europe: The position of lesser used languages in the educational systems of the European Union. Tertium Comparationis, Journal für Internationale Bildungsforschung 1(1): 42-62.
Roth, Arlette. 1986. Langue dominée, langue dominante : à propos de deux scénarios d’extinction ou d’expansion de l’arabe. Hérodote 42 : 65-74.
Roth, Arlette. 2000. Un usage linguistique en voie d’éviction. Observations sur la “réduction” syntaxique et stylistique dans le parler arabe de Kormakiti (Chypre). Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient Méditerranéen 31 (Chypre et la Méditerrannée Orientale). 127-137.
Roth, Arlette. 2004. Le parler arabe maronite de Chypre. Observations à propos d’un contact linguistique pluriséculaire. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 168: 55-76.
Varnavas, A., Koureas, N. & Elia. M. (eds) The minorities of Cyprus: Development patterns and the identity of the Internal-Exclusion. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars.
1.0: see comments
Comments on 1.6: There is no recent account of the languages spoken by immigrants in Cyprus. We do however have a list of the most important immigrant groups’ country of origin (notwithstanding Greek immigrants from Greece who are the largest group and speak standard Greek (vs Cypriot Greek spoken in Cyprus): Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, United Kingdom, Vietnam, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Russia. We could, at some degree, infer language usage from the country of origin, but we need to be extremely careful in doing so. For instance, many among the Greek immigrants are Pontian Greeks who came to Greece from Ukraine, Georgia and other ex Soviet Union Republics, then immigrated to Cyprus. Almost all of them have been assimilated to Russian which has been for many years their first language. Consequently, the Russian language is not only spoken by Russian immigrants but also by the vast majority of Pontian Greeks.
Country 1: Greece
Country 1 (outside the European Union): Turkey
Country 2 (outside the European Union): Kosovo
Yes
1. Armenian (Western)
2. Cypriot (Maronite) Arabic
They have been no reservations raised as concerns the application of the Charter by the Cypriot government.
They have been two declarations (see comments below). In the second one concerning the recognition of Cypriot Arabic issued in 2008, concern is expressed about the possibility of the Republic to provide significant support for Cypriot Arabic in the area where it is spoken (Kormakitis) given that this area in under occupation by the Turkish military forces, and therefore outside the Republic’s authority and jurisdiction. The Republic of Cyprus could obviously take no action of support for the language that would at the same time be an indication of official recognition of the occupying forces.
Comments on 1.8: Signed in 1992 and ratified in 2002
Declaration contained in a letter from the Chargé d'Affaires a.i. of the Permanent Representation of Cyprus, dated 3 August 2005, registered at the Secretariat General on 4 August 2005 - Or. Engl.
In ratifying the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the Republic of Cyprus deposited on 26 August 2002, a declaration which appears to be incompatible with the provisions of the Charter on undertakings to be applied by it.
In order to remove uncertainty and clarify the extent of the obligations undertaken, the Republic of Cyprus hereby withdraws the declaration of 26 August 2002 and replaces it with the following :
The Republic of Cyprus, while reiterating its commitment to respect the objectives and principles pursued by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, declares that it undertakes to apply Part II of the Charter in accordance with Article 2, paragraph 1, to the Armenian language as a "non-territorial" language defined in Article 1c of the Charter.
The Republic of Cyprus would further like to state that its Constitution and laws uphold and safeguard effectively the principle of equality and non-discrimination on the ground of a person's community, race, religion, language, sex, political or other convictions, national or social descent, birth, colour, wealth, social class or any ground whatsoever.
Period covered: 4/8/2005 -
The preceding statement concerns Article(s) : 2
Declaration contained in a Note verbale from the Permanent Representation of Cyprus, dated 5 November 2008, registered at the Secretariat General on 12 November 2008 - Or. Engl.
Further to its Declaration of 3 August 2005, the Republic of Cyprus declares that the Cypriot Maronite Arabic is a language within the meaning of the European Charter for Regional on Minority Languages, to which it will apply the provisions of Part II of the Charter in accordance with Article 2, paragraph 1.
In doing so, the Republic of Cyprus further declares that, since the Cypriot Maronite Arabic is also used in the village of Kormakitis, cradle of the said language, situated in an area of the territory of the Republic of Cyprus under Turkish military occupation since 1974 in which the Republic does not exercise effective control, it excludes any interpretation of the Charter's provision in this regard that would be contrary to it, particularly its Article 5.
Period covered: 12/11/2008
The preceding statement concerns Article(s) : 2, 5
Yes
In its Initial report (p.15) Cyprus recognized national minority status to the three “religious groups”, already recognized by the Constitution, that is Cypriot Maronite Arabs, Armenians and Latins (Roman Catholics). It has improved its legal and institutional framework as concerns the protection of national minorities, especially in relation to voting rights and to the right to contract a civil marriage, and the prevention of discrimination, their presence in radio broadcasting, as well as its official support especially in the field of education. Measures have also been taken to increase awareness about human rights and diversity, including within the police forces. Financial support for the cultural activities of the Armenians, the Maronites and the Latins has increased and awareness about their culture and identity has been cultivated by including information in history textbooks. As far as the Maronites is concerned, there has been increase assistance in their efforts to maintain contacts with members of their group living in their traditional villages, in the northern part of the island, and to preserve their cultural, religious and historical heritage. The Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of Interior have set up a Committee of experts comprising of local and foreign experts to assist the community in preserving and promoting the use of its language, Sanna, a specific variety of Arabic spoken in Cyprus since the 8th century. In the framework of the educational reform the constitution of an Oral Archive for the language has been initiated. A public primary school has been created for Maronites in Nicosia, and efforts have been made to maintain adequate educational opportunities for the Armenians. The annual subsidies provided to the Armenians, the Maronites and the Latins who wish to enroll their children in private educational institutions have been increased. A series of measures have been taken to facilitate participation of persons with different community, religious and ethnic affiliation in economic and social life.
For any other details please see the Initial, Second and Third periodic report of the Cyprus Republic as well as the first, second and third resolution of the Council of Europe as regards the measures applied by the Cypriot governments.
Comments on 1.9: Initial periodic report of Cyprus pursuant to article 25, paragraph 1 of the framework –Convention for the protection of national minorities
http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_FCNMdocs/PDF_1st_SR_Cyprus_en.pdf
Second periodic report of Cyprus pursuant to article 25, paragraph 1 of the framework –Convention for the protection of national minorities
http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_FCNMdocs/PDF_3rd_SR_Cyprus_en.pdf
Third periodic report of Cyprus pursuant to article 25, paragraph 1 of the framework –Convention for the protection of national minorities
http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/minorities/3_FCNMdocs/PDF_3rd_SR_Cyprus_en.pdf
Yes
Original language: Greek: Αι επίσημαι γλώσσαι της Δημοκρατίας είναι η ελληνική και η τουρκική
Turkish: Cumhuriyetin resmi dilleri Elence ve Türkçedir
English translation: English: The official languages of the Republic are Greek and Turkish
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Reference: Art. 3§1 of the Constitution of 1960
Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/C44572D7363776ACC2256EBD004F3BB3?OpenDocument
Yes
Original language: Constitution
Greek: Aρθ.3§2. Νομοθετικαί, εκτελεστικαί και διοικητικαί πράξεις και έγγραφα συντάσσονται εις αμφοτέρας τας επισήμους γλώσσας και εφ’όσον δυνάμει ρητής διατάξεως του Συντάγματος απαιτείται έκδοσις, εκδίδονται δια δημοσιεύσεως εις την επίσημον εφημερίδα της Δημοκρατίας εις αμφοτέρας τας επισήμους γλώσσας.
Aρθ.3§3. Διοικητικά ή έτερα επίσημα έγγραφα απευθυνόμενα εις Έλληνα ή Τούρκον συντάσσονται αντιστοίχως εις την ελληνική ή την τουρκικήν γλώσσαν.
Turkish: Mad.3§2. Teşrii icraî ve idarî muamele ve vesikalar her iki resmi dilde yazılır ve Anayasanın açıkca gerekli kıldığ ı hallerde Cumhuriyet Resmi Gazetesinde her iki resmi dilde yayınlanmak suretiyle ilân edilir.
Mad.3§3. Bir Elene veya bir Tiirke hitap eden idari veya diğer resmi vesikalar muhatabına göre Elence veya Türkçe yazılır.
English translation: English: Art. 3§2. Legislative, executive and administrative acts and documents shall be drawn up in both official languages and shall, where under the express provisions of this Constitution promulgation is required, be promulgated by publication in the official Gazette of the Republic in both official languages. 3§3. Administrative or other official documents addressed to a Greek or a Turk shall be drawn up in the Greek or the Turkish language respectively.
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Reference: Art. 3§2 and 3§3 of the Constitution of 1960
Some articles in the Constitution specify the language to be used in all legislative, executive and administrative acts and documents. Also, several laws concern the compulsory use of Greek in commerce and industry and in tourism. Others regulate the use and teaching of Greek in public and private education.
Yes
Comments on 2.3: There are several directives issued periodically by the Council of Ministers reminding government employees in various government stores that the language of public administration is Greek. There are also several interventions by the Commissioner of Administration asking for the respect of the official status of the Greek language in various areas.
No
No
No
No
No answer
Comments on 3.1: Although there are no laws or regulations expressly designating Greek as the language of primary education, the alignment of the curricula used in primary education in Cyprus with those in Greek after the creation of the Ministry of Education in 1965, had as a consequence the adoption on the language used in Greece as the language of instruction also in Cyprus. An important language consequence of this alignment is that Cyprus followed closely the debate between the archaic form of Greek (Katarevoussa) and the popular variety of Greek (Dhemotic Greek) and successively used Katharevoussa (until 1976), then Dhemotic Greek (established as the official language of Greece and the language used in the educational system after the reform of 1976) as languages of instruction. The fact that Cyprus has been importing textbooks from Greece, and still does in a great extend, et that the first textbooks with a localized interest (textbooks in the History of Cyprus) were printed in Cyprus after 1976, helped establish and diffuse the various forms of Greek used in Greece also in Cyprus.
Another factor that surely complicates the picture of language use in education is the fact that there has always been a split between the education provided for the Turkish Cypriot community and the education provided for the Greek Cypriot community, which were initially under the aegis of the Turkish Cypriot Communal Chamber and the Greek Cypriot communal Chamber respectively. Each educational system was closely connected to the educational systems of Greece and Turkey respectively, adopting their aims, form, content and language altogether.
No
No answer
Comments on 3.3: Please see comments in 3.1
No
Yes
Quotation in original language: • University of Cyprus - Law
Γλώσσες διδασκαλίας του Πανεπιστημίου είναι η Ελληνική και η Τουρκική
• Open University of Cyprus -Law
Γλώσσες διδασκαλίας του Πανεπιστημίου είναι οι επίσημες γλώσσες της Δημοκρατίας
• Technological University of Cyprus - Law
Γλώσσες διδασκαλίας του Πανεπιστημίου είναι οι επίσημες γλώσσες της Δημοκρατίας
• University of Cyprus - Law
The languages of instruction of the University of Cyprus are Greek and Turkish
• Open University of Cyprus - Law
The languages of instruction of the University are the official languages of the Republic
• Technological University of Cyprus - Law
The languages of instruction of the Technological University of Cyprus are the official languages of the Republic
Sources
1. Law 144/1989, Art 4(1)(a) - Law on the University of Cyprus
2. Law 234 (1)/2002, Art 4(1) – Law on the Open University
3. Law 198(I)/2003, Art. 5(1) - Law on the Technological University of Cyprus
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): 1. Law 144/1989, Art 4(1)(a) - Law on the University of Cyprus
2. Law 234 (1)/2002, Art 4(1) – Law on the Open University
3. Law 198(I)/2003, Art. 5(1) - Law on the Technological University of Cyprus
N/A
Comments on 4.1: Public universities are bound to have as languages of instruction the official languages of the country. However, several private universities have as language of instruction, English.
Yes
Yes, there are provisions in the Laws of creation of public Universities or subsequent amendments concerning the possibility to use other languages than the official ones as languages of instruction, especially for post-graduate programmes.
University of Cyprus
Σε ειδικές περιπτώσεις που καθορίζονται με απόφαση της Συγκλήτου, το Πανεπιστήμιο δύναται:
(ι) να προσφέρει και σε άλλη γλώσσα ορισμένα από τα υφιστάμενα μεταπτυχιακά προγράμματα και
(ιι) να προσφέρει σε οποιαδήποτε γλώσσα διαπανεπιστημιακά προγράμματα σπουδών, τα οποία εντάσσονται στα προγράμματα της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης
• Open University
Σε ειδικές περιπτώσεις που καθορίζονται με απόφαση της Συγκλήτου, το Πανεπιστήμιο μπορεί να προσφέρει υφιστάμενα Προγράμματα Σπουδών ή Θεματικές Ενότητες και σε άλλες γλώσσες.
• Technological University
Το Πανεπιστήμιο μπορεί, με απόφαση της Συγκλήτου, ύστερα από εισήγηση της οικείας Σχολής, να προσφέρει ορισμένα από τα μεταπτυχιακά προγράμματα σπουδών, τα οποία προσφέρει σε μια από τις γλώσσες διδασκαλίας του Πανεπιστημίου και σε γλώσσες άλλες από αυτές.
In English
• University of Cyprus
In special cases, prescribed by a decision of the Senate, the University may:
- offer additionally in any other language certain of the existing postgraduate programmes
- offer in any language joint programmes which constitute programmes of the European Union …
• Open University (offers only distance postgraduate programmes)
In special cases, prescribed by a decision of the Senate, the University may offer some of the already existing programmes of study or Thematic Units in other languages as well.
• Technological University
By a decision of the Senate and after a suggestion of the Faculty involved, the University may offer some of its postgraduate programmes of study τα οποία προσφέρει σε μια από τις γλώσσες διδασκαλίαςwhich it already offers in one of the official languages of the University and in any other languages as well.
Sources
• University of Cyprus, Law 199(1)/2003
• Open University, Law 234 (I)/2002, Art. 4(2)
• Technological University, 198(I)/2003 Art. 5(2)
References
For the University of Cyprus see
Karyolemou, M. 2004. «Language ideology and language practice in higher education: Setting aside national language policies». Paper presented at the International Conference «Language and the future of Europe: «Ideologies, policies and practices». University of Southampton, 8-10 July 2004. Published at http://www.lang.soton.ac.uk/lipp/restricted/LIPP_Karyolemou.pdf
No
Between 0-25%
Between 0-25%
Between 0-25%
Between 0-25%
Comments on 4.3: With reservations since there are no statistics available
With reservations since there are no statistics available
Between 0-25%
Between 0-25%
Between 0-25%
Between 0-25%
Comments on 4.4: With reservations since there are no statistics available -
For the use of English in Ph.Ds, the same information as in 4.3.
No
Comments on 4.5: Not specifically. Here again the legal provisions in each university are binding as far as language use in Ph.D. dissertations. The languages under study in the various language departments are regularly used in Ph.Ds. In the private universities, the language of Ph.Ds is the language of instruction for each programme.
No
Yes
Humanities / Social sciences / Mathematics and natural sciences
Yes
Comments on 4.8: At a graduate level, they have to prove their competence in Greek or English depending on the language of instruction of the programme of studies they chose. At a post-graduate level they are not asked to provide evidence of their linguistic competence. However, students in programmes offered by Universities where the language of instruction is English must attend at least one course in Greek language & culture. Foreign students enrolled in Universities where the language of instruction is Greek can also attend freely lessons of Greek as a second language.
Yes
Paros - (Armenian-English-Greek) – distributed nationwide
Cyprus Mail (English) – distributed nationwide (daily)
Cyprus weekly (English) – distributed nationwide (weekly)
Middle East Economic Survey (English& Greek) – distributed nationwide (weekly)
Europe-Cyprus (Russian) - distributed nationwide (weekly)
Financial Mirror (English) – distributed nationwide (weekly)
Sports in the City (English) – distributed nationwide (weekly)
Vestnik Kipra (Russian) – distributed nationwide (weekly)
Българският Вестник" в Кипър (Bulgarian) – distributed nationwide (weekly)
Romania (Romanian) - distributed nationwide (fortnightly)
Artsagang (Armenian) – distributed nationwide (monthly)
Azad Tzayn (Armenian – Greek ) – distributed nationwide (monthly)
Cyprus Tourism (English) – distributed nationwide (bi-monthly)
For a complete catalogue of the Print and electronic media in Cyprus see the URL of the Press and Information Office, Cyprus at http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/PIO/PIO.nsf/All/769C30700F5AC0B1C2256D710020C5EA?OpenDocument
Cypriot (Maronite) Arabs have a weekly newspaper ‘I foni ton Maroniton’ (The voice of Maronites) punlished in Greek.
Yes
Quotation in original language: 1. Εις ταςραδιοφωνικάς και τηλεοπτικάς εκπομπάς μεταδίδονται προγράμματα δι’ αμφοτέρας τας κοινότητας, την ελληνικήν και την τουρκικήν. 2. Η διάρκεια των ραδιοφωνικών προγραμμάτων διατην τουρκικήν κοινότη-τα δεν θα είναι βραχυτέρα των εβδομήκοντα πέντε ωρών εβδομαδιαίως, κατανεμημένων εις κανονικάς ημερησίας εκπομπάς καθ’ απάσας τας ημέρας της εβδομάδος’εάν όμως επιβληθή μείωσις της συνολικής διαρκείας των εκπομπών ούτως ώστε η διάρκεια των προγραμμάτων δια την ελληνικήν κοινότητα να καταστή βραχυτέρα των εβδο
μήκοντα πέντεωρών εβδομαδιαίως, τότε η καθ’ οιανδήποτε εβδομάδα διάρκεια των προγραμμάτων δια την τουρκικήν κοινότητα μειούται κατά τον αυτόν αριθμόν ωρών, κατά τον οποίον εμειώθη η διάρκειατων προγραμμάτων δια την ελληνικήν κοινότητα’ εάν αντιθέτως η διάρκεια των προγραμμάτων δια την ελληνικήν κοινότητα αυξηθή πέραν των εκατόν τεσσαράκοντα ωρών εβδομαδιαίως, τότεη διάρκεια των προγραμμάτων δια την τουρκικήν κοινότητα θ’ αυξάνηται κατ’ αναλογίαν τριών ωρών δια την τουρκικήν κοινότητα έναντι επτά ωρών δια την ελληνικήν κοινότητα. 3. Εις τηντηλεόρασιν θα διατίθενται εκπομπαί τριών ημερών καθ’ εκάστην περίοδον δέκα συνεχών ημερών εις προγράμματα δια την τουρκική κοινότητα και η συνολική διάρκεια των προγραμμάτωντούτων καθ’ εκάστην τοιαύτην δεκαήμερον περίοδον ορίζεται κατ’ αναλογίαν τριών ωρών προγράμματος δια την τουρκικήν κοινότητα έναντι επτά ωρών προγράμματος δια την ελληνικήνκοινότητα. 4. Όλαι αι επίσημοι ραδιοφωνικαί και τηλεοπτικαί εκπομπαί γίνονται εις αμφοτέρας τας γλώσσας την ελληνικήν και την τουρκικήν και δεν συνυπολογίζονται εις την διάρκειαν τωνεκπομπών περί ων το παρόν άρθρον.
Quotation in English: 1. In sound and vision broadcasting there shall be programmes both for the Greek and the Turkish Communities.
2. The time allotted to programmes for the Turkish Community in sound broadcasting shall not be less than seventy-five hours in a seven-day week, spread to all days of such week in daily normal periods of transmission:
Provided that if the total period of transmissions has to be reduced so that the time allotted to programmes for the Greek Community should fall below seventy-five hours in a seven-day week, then the time allotted to programmes for the Turkish Community in any such week should be reduced by the same number of hours as that by which the time allotted to programmes for the Greek Community is reduced below such hours:
Provided further that if the time allotted to programmes for the Greek Community is increased above one hundred and forty hours in a seven-day week, then the time allotted to programmes for the Turkish Community shall be increased in the ratio of three hours for the Turkish Community to every seven hours for the Greek Community.
3. In vision broadcasting there shall be allotted three transmission days to the programmes for the Turkish Community of every ten consecutive transmission days and the total time allotted to the programmes for the Turkish Community in such ten transmission days shall be in the ratio of three hours to seven hours allotted to programmes for the Greek Community in such ten transmission days.
4. All official broadcasts in sound and vision shall be made both in Greek and Turkish and shall not be taken into account for the purposes of calculating the time under this Article.
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Article 171 of the Constitution, 1960
Authorized
Comments on 5.2: The official languages per se, no. There is, however, a constitutional regulation concerning the time allotted to programmes for the Greek and Turkish communities which implies the use of the two community languages. There is also a constitutional regulation stipulating that the two official languages must be both used for all ‘official’ broadcasts (meaning by that news bulletins and other documentaries).
This proviso applied until app. 1963 but it is still valid according to Constitution and applies partly for official broadcasts: for instance news bulletins are regularly broadcasted in both Greek and Turkish.
Mostly/always
Rarely/never
Sometimes
Mostly/always
Rarely/never
Mostly/always
Rarely/never
Sometimes
Mostly/always
Rarely/never
Comments on 5.3: The method used most often for films in foreign languages is keeping the original language and using sub titles. Dubbing is used almost exclusively for Latin American productions. The same holds for films for children where dubbing is sometimes used for cartoons but rarely for films.
No
Comments on 5.5: As said above (section 5.2), although there is no regulation concerning broadcasting popular & folk music in the official languages, the use of the official languages in radio and TV broadcasting is regulated by Art. 171 of the Constitution.
Yes
Quotation in original language: Ο περί Εμπορικών Περιγραφών Νόμος του 1987 (5/1987)
(1) Όταν ο Υπουργός κρίνει απαραίτητο ή σκόπιμο, προς το συμφέρον των προσώπων στα οποία προμηθεύονται οποιαδήποτε αγαθά, ότι αυτά πρέπει να επισημαίνονται ή συνοδεύονται με οποιαδήποτε πληροφορία (άσχετα αν αυτή ισοδυναμεί ή περιέχει εμπορική περιγραφή) ή οδηγία σχετική με τα αγαθά, ο Υπουργός μπορεί, με διάταγμα που θα δημοσιευθεί στην επίσημη εφημερίδα της Δημοκρατίας, να επιβάλει απαιτήσεις που να εξασφαλίζουν ότι τα αγαθά έχουν επισημανθεί ή συνοδευθεί με τον πιο πάνω τρόπο, και να ρυθμίσει ή απαγορεύσει την προμήθεια αγαθών για τα οποία δεν τηρήθηκαν οι απαιτήσεις. Οι απαιτήσεις μπορούν να αφορούν στη μορφή και στον τρόπο με τον οποίο δίδεται η πληροφορία ή η οδηγία.
[…]
Quotation in English: Law for commercial descriptions 1987 (5/1987)
(1) If the Minister deems necessary or required, to the best interest or the persons who purchase any goods, that they should be signaled out or accompanied with any information (be it an equivalent of or containing a commercial description) or instruction relative to the said goods, she/he [the Minister] can impose requirements that will guaranty that the goods be signaled out or accompanied as due, by issuing an order published in the Official Gazette of the Republic, and regulate or forbid access to market to those goods that are not in accordance with the requirements. These requirements may concern the form or the way the information or instruction is provided.
[…]
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Ο περί Εμπορικών Περιγραφών Νόμος του 1987 (5/1987)
Law for commercial descriptions 1987 (5/1987)
Not authorized
Comments on 6.1: 1. Law 5/1987 on Commercial Descriptions authorizes the Minister of Commerce to intervene any time he thinks it is necessary by demanding changes “in the form” or “in the way” the information that accompanies goods or/and services is conveyed, in order to facilitate access of information to the consumers. Although the letter of the law does not make any explicit reference to language, the spirit of the law does: “form” could be here understood as “form of language”, thus limiting the use of foreign languages which could lead to consumer “error” with regard to the quality, provenance, description and price of a product or service.
2. Law 29/1985 stipulates that all price lists provided in restaurants and taverns in Cyprus should be written in Greek and at least one foreign language. Gazette, Section iii, Appendix 2190, 28/11/1989, p. 755.
Besides the above laws, there have been regulations for encouraging the use of Greek in the workplace, especially in the area of tourism: for instance, the Cyprus Tourism Organization advised its employees to correspond in Greek with their Greek Cypriot clients and its members to facilitate Cypriot tourists’ access to information by using Greek regularly in all documents. Article 10 of the Organization’s regulations states that the names of tourist establishments should be in compliance with “the history, the culture and the particular character of Cyprus” and that “foreign names should be avoided”. It also urged its employees to correspond in Greek with their Greek Cypriot clients and its members to facilitate Cypriot tourists’ access to information by using Greek regularly in all documents.
Company name and status:: J&P (Joannou & Paraskevaides) - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. English
Company name and status:: CYTA (Cyprus Telecommunications Authority)¬¬ – PSO
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English
Company name and status:: AHK, (Electricity Authority of Cyprus) – PSO
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English
Company name and status:: Shacolas group - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English
Company name and status:: Leptos Estates - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English
3. Russian
Company name and status:: Cyprus Ports Authority - SO
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English
Company name and status:: Louis Cruises - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. English
2. Greek
3. Russian
Company name and status:: Malloupas & Papacostas - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English
Company name and status:: N.P. Lanitis (Lanitis Group of Companies) - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English
Company name and status:: Photos Photiades Group - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English
Comments on 6.2: Information for annual reports is not always provided on websites, therefore I cannot answer this question. I have instead introduced the languages most probably used for communication. Generally speaking though, public companies’ reports are usually bilingual, published both or at the same time in Greek & English. The use of both Greek and English is the outcome of a long debate that took place one-two decades ago concerning the ‘pernicious effect’, according to some contesters of this policy, of government stores to publish their annual reports exclusively in English, thus impeding transparency for those people who do not have a sufficient knowledge of English.
Company name and status:: J&P (Joannou & Paraskevaides) - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. English
Company name and status:: CYTA (Cyprus Telecommunications Authority)¬¬ – PSO
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English
Company name and status:: AHK, (Electricity Authority of Cyprus) – PSO
Rated use of languages:: 1. English
Company name and status:: Shacolas group - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. English
2. Russian
Company name and status:: Leptos Estates - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. English
2. Russian, German, Arabic, Norwegian, Chinese
Company name and status:: Cyprus Ports Authority - SO
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English
Company name and status:: Louis Cruises - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. Greek
2. English, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian
Company name and status:: Malloupas & Papacostas - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. English
Company name and status:: N.P. Lanitis (Lanitis Group of Companies) - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. English
Company name and status:: Photos Photiades Group - P
Rated use of languages:: 1. English
Comments on 6.3: The languages used on the websites of the companies listed above depend largely on the economic orientation of the various companies, i.e. their clientele.
51-100 countries
51-100 countries
Comments on 7.1: 7.1: for studying either ancient or Modern Greek
7.2: in Modern Greek
The list of countries & universities can be seen at the website of the Ministry of education, lifelong learning and religion, Special secretarial services for the diaspora and intercultural education (Greece)
http://isocrates.minedu.gov.gr/content_by_cat.asp?contentid=455&catid=36&how=&keywords
English: Primary school
French: Secondary school
German: Secondary school
Italian: Secondary school
Russian: Secondary school
Spanish: Secondary school
Turkish: Secondary school
Name (official and English translation): Γλωσσικός Όμιλος Κύπρου (Cyprus Language Association)
Language(s):: Greek
Mission: : The protection and promotion of the Greek language.
Activities:: It safeguards and promotes the use of Greek in education, the public sphere, in official/government communication etc.
URL:: none
Structure:: Private
ame (official and English translation): ): MΓETKO - Μόνιμη Κυπριακή Επιτροπή Τυποποίησης Γεωγραφικών Ονομάτων (Permanent Cyprus Committee for the standardisation of place names)
Language(s):: greek
Mission: : To protect, standardise and supervise the use of official Cyprus place name. To act against their replacement by Turkish forces in the occupied part of Cyprus.
Structure:: : Independent authority within the Ministry of Education & Culture of Cyprus.
Activities:: It safeguards and promotes the use of Greek in education, the public sphere, in official/government communication etc.
URL:: none
Structure:: Public
ame (official and English translation): Hki Fi Sanna “Speak our language”
Language(s):: Cypriot (Maronite) Arabic
Mission: : The revitalisation and preservation of the language.
Relation to national government:: NGO
Activities:: It organizes various activities and programs that focus on language documentation and renewal, involving youth and children, including language immersion activities.
URL:: http://sana.squarespace.com
Structure:: Publicly founded
ame (official and English translation): Kermia Ztite “New Kermia”
Language(s):: Cypriot (Maronite) Arabic
Mission: : Promotiνγ of the Maronite history and culture.
Relation to national government:: NGO
Activities:: Cultural events to promote the Cypriot Arabic Maronite language, history and culture
URL:: no URL
Structure:: Publicly founded
ame (official and English translation): Hamazkayin (Oshagan) Cultural Association
Language(s):: Armenian
Mission: : Promotion of the Armenian history and culture.
Activities:: Cultural events to promote the Armenian language, history and culture.
Structure:: Private