Italia

1. General questions about your country and its languages

1.1 List each official language in your country, and mark if the language is officially used nationalwide or in certain regions of the country.

Language 1: Italian

Use:: National

1.2 What percentage of the population uses the language as a first language?

Use in percentages:: >75%

1.3 In what language(s) are the Constitution and laws in your country written?

Language 1: Italian

1.3.1 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

1.4 Are there languages, other than the official languages you mentioned under 1.2, that can be used in regional courts, regional parliaments, and/or regional administrations?

Yes

1.4.1 Which languages?

1.0: French

2.0: German

3.0: Slovenian

1.4.2 Paste relevant sources here (in original language and in english)

Original language: LEGGE 15 dicembre 1999, n. 482Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storicheArt. 2 - 1. In attuazione dell'articolo 6 della Costituzione e in armonia con i principi generali stabiliti dagli organismi europei e internazionali, la Repubblica tutela la lingua e la cultura delle popolazioni albanesi, catalane, germaniche, greche, slovene e croate e di quelle parlanti il francese, il franco-provenzale, il friulano, il ladino, l'occitano e il sardo.


Lingua 1 – French. Statuto speciale della Valle d'Aosta
Art. 38 - Nella Valle d’Aosta la lingua francese è parificata a quella italiana. Gli atti pubblici possono essere redatti nell’una o nell’altra lingua, eccettuati i provvedimenti dell’autorità giudiziaria, i quali sono redatti in lingua italiana.


Lingua 2 – German. Statuto di Autonomia della Regione Trentino Alto Adige.
Art. 99 - Nella regione la lingua tedesca è parificata a quella italiana che è la lingua ufficiale dello Stato. La lingua italiana fa testo negli atti aventi carattere legislativo e nei casi nei quali dal presente Statuto è prevista la redazione bilingue.


Langua 3 – Slovenian. Legge 38 del 23 Febbraio 2001, Norme a tutela della minoranza linguistica slovena della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia.
Art. 10 - «con decreto del Presidente della Giunta Regionale, sulla base della proposta del Comitato [art. 3] e sentiti gli enti interessati, sono individuati, sulla base della tabella di cui all’art. 4, i Comuni, le frazioni di Comune, le località e gli enti [...] in cui l’uso della lingua slovena è previsto in aggiunta a quella italiana [...] per le indicazioni toponomastiche»

English translation: Law 482, 15.12.1999
Art. 2 - In accordance with the art. 6 of the Constitution and the General Principles adopted by the European entities the State preserves the language and the culture of the Albanian, Greek, Catalan, German, Slovene, French, Franco provençal, Friulan, Ladin, Occitan and Sardinian population.


Language 1 – French. Statuto speciale della Valle d'Aosta
Art. 38 - In Valle d'Aosta the French language is parified to the Italian language. Official documents can be drafted in both languages except for judicial acts which must be written in Italian.


Language 2 – German. Statuto di Autonomia della Regione Trentino Alto Adige
Art. 99 - In this region the German language is parified to the Italian language which is the State official language. The Italian language is authoritative in legal acts and in bilingual documents.


Language 3 – Slovenian Law n. 38 of Febru a ry 23t h 2001, Protecting norms for the Slovenian linguistic minority of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region, at the art. 10, provides that «with Decree of the P resident of Regional Council, on the base of the proposal of the Committee [art. 3], consulted the interested boards, they are individuated, on the base of the list to the article 4, the Communes, the hamlets, the places and the boards […] where the use of the Slovenian language is provided in addition to the Italian language […] for the indications of place-names»)


Language 3 – Slovenian Law n. 38 of February 23t h 2001, Protecting norms for the Slovenian linguistic minority of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia Region, at the art. 10, provides that «with Decree of the P resident of Regional Council, on the base of the proposal of the Committee [art. 3], consulted the interested boards, they are individuated, on the base of the list to the article 4, the Communes, the hamlets, the places and the boards […] where the use of the Slovenian language is provided in addition to the Italian language […] for the indications of place-names»)

1.4.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

1.5 Are there other autochthonous (indigenous) languages in your country, not mentioned in your answers to questions 1.1 to 1.4?

Yes

1.5.1 Which languages?

1.0: dialects

1.5.2 Paste relevant sources here (in original language and inenglish)

Original language: L'Italia continua ad avere oggi molte lingue autoctone, che sono varietà italo-romanze, dovute alla sua storia linguistica. Dopo l'unificazione politica dell'Italia (1861) una di queste varietà, quella Fiorentina (già ampiamente usata come "la" lingua letteraria), fu scelta come lingua nazionale.

English translation: Comments concerning 1.6Italy has always had many autochtonous languages due to its linguistic history. After the political unification of Italy (1861) one of the autochtonous languages of Italy, the Florentine dialect (that was already widely used as “the'”literary language), was chosen as “the” national language. At the time most speakers of other autochtonous languages in Italy had never been on contact with Florentine in their local community and had to learn it from scratch. Today the autochtonous languages survive locally as dialects, while the status of 'language' is attributed only to the national language. Al tempo molti parlanti di altre varietà autoctone non avevano mai avuto contatti con la varietà Fiorentina e dovettero impararla come una specie di "lingua seconda". Oggi le varietà linguistiche autoctone sopravvivono localmente e sono definite "dialetti", mentre lo status di "lingua" è attribuito solo alla lingua nazionale.

1.5.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

Comments on 1.5: Italy has always had many autochtonous languages, which are Italo-Romance varieties, due to its linguistic history. After the political unification of Italy (1861) one of the autochtonous languages of Italy, the Florentine dialect (that was already widely used as “the'”literary language), was chosen as “the” national language. At the time most speakers of other autochtonous languages in Italy had never been on contact with Florentine in their local community and had to learn it from scratch as a sort of "second language". Today the autochtonous languages survive locally and are called "dialects", while the status of 'language' is attributed only to the national language.

1.6 Which are the three main languages (in terms of number of users) spoken by first- and second-generation immigrants in your country?

1.0: Albanian

2.0: Arabic varieties

3.0: Chinese

1.6.1 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

1.7(a) Except for your own country, in which other countries of the European Union is/are your official language(s) also regarded as an official language?

Country 1: Città del Vaticano

Country 2: San Marino

Country 4: As language of minorities: Slovenia - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages "The Republic of Slovenia declares that the Italian and Hungarian languages are considered as regional or minority languages in the territory of the Republic of Slovenia within the meaning of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In accordance with Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Charter, the Republic of Slovenia will apply to these two languages the following provisions of the Part III of the Charter”

Country 5: As language of minorities: Romania - European Charter for Regional or Minority LanguagesDeclaration contained in the instrument of ratification deposited on 29 January 2008 Romania declares that: 1. The provisions of the Charter shall apply to the following minority languages used on the territory of Romania: (....) Italian language; Country 3 within the European Union: CroatiaThe Constitution of the Republic of Croatia (Historical Foundation, par.3) declares the Croatian state as a unitary, “national state of the Croatian nation and the state of members of autochthonous national minorities: Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Italians, Hungarians, Jews, Germans, Austrians, Ukrainians and Ruthenians and the other who are its citizens, and who are guaranteed equality with citizens of Croatian nationality and the realisation of equal rights.

Country 6: As language of minorities: Croatia - The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia (Historical Foundation, par.3) declares the Croatian state as a unitary, “national state of the Croatian nation and the state of members of autochthonous national minorities: Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Italians, Hungarians, Jews, Germans, Austrians, Ukrainians and Ruthenians and the other who are its citizens, and who are guaranteed equality with citizens of Croatian nationality and the realisation of equal rights.

1.7(b) In which countries outside the European Union is/are your official language(s) also regarded as an official language?

Country 1 (outside the European Union): Switzerland - European Charter for Regional or Minority LanguagesDeclaration contained in the instrument of ratification deposited on 23 December 1997 - Or. Fr. The Swiss Federal Council declares, in accordance with Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Charter, that in Switzerland Romansh and Italian are the less widely used official languages to which the following paragraphs chosen in accordance with Article 2, paragraph 2, of the Charter, shall apply

1.7(c) Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

1.8 Has your country ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages?

No

1.8.1 Which regional and/or minority languages does your country officially recognise?

1.8.2 What reservations concerning the charter were raised by your country?

1.8.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

Comments on 1.8: Italy is a signatory of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, but is yet to ratify the treaty, and therefore its provisions protecting regional languages do not apply in the country

1.9 Has your country signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities?

Yes

1.9.1 What provisions relating to this Convention were made by your country?

Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 " Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche " (Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999

1.9.2 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

2. Specific legal regulations

2.1 Does the Constitution of your country state what the official/national/main languages are?

No

2.1.1 Please quote the relevant article(s) of the Constitution in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

2.1.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

2.1.3 Comments on 2.1.1

2.2 Is there a language law stipulating what language is (or what languages are) to be used in official matters?

No

2.2.1 Please quote the relevant article(s) of the language law(s) in the original language and in English including the exact reference.

2.2.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

2.2.3 Comments on 2.2.1

2.2.4 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

2.3 Is there any legislation other than the Constitution or a language law that defines the use of language(s) in government, public administration and/or judiciary institutions?

Yes

2.3.1 Please quote the relevant article(s) in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

Original language: Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche"Art. 1. La lingua ufficiale della Repubblica é l'italiano.----------------------------------------------- Statuto di Autonomia della Regione Trentino Alto Adige - Art. 99. (...) la lingua (...) italiana (...) è la lingua ufficiale dello Stato.

English translation: Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche"Art. 1. The official language of the State is the Italian Language------------------------------------------------Statuto di Autonomia della Regione Trentino Alto Adige - Art. 99. The Italian (...) language (...) is the official language of the State

2.3.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

2.3.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

2.4 Does your country have a compulsory test or examination that includes a language test in (one of) the national/official language(s) which has to be passed in order to obtain citizenship?

No

2.4.1 Quote the relevant legislation in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

2.4.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

2.4.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

2.5 Does your country offer instruction with regard to which national/official language(s) have to be mastered in order to obtain citizenship?

No

2.5.1 Quote the relevant legislation in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

2.5.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

2.5.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

2.6 Does your country have a compulsory examination or test with regard to which (one of the) national language(s) have to be mastered in order to obtain permanent residency (i.e. without becoming a citizen of your country)?

No

2.6.1 Quote the relevant legislation in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

2.6.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

2.6.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

2.7 Does the government of your country provide instruction, with regard to which (one of the) national/official language(s) have to be masted in order to obtain permanent residency?

No

2.7.1 Quote the relevant legislation in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

2.7.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

2.7.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

3. Instruction in and use of languages in primary and secondary education

3.1 Is there any regulation in your country that gives the official language(s) a declared status as a medium of instruction in primary schools?

No

3.1.1 Quote the relevant legislation in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

3.1.2 Please state which languages are used as mediums of language instruction.

Italian

3.1.3 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

3.1.4 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

3.2 Are there other (regional or local) regulations concerning the use of the official or other languages as mediums of instruction in primary schools?

Yes

3.2.1 Quote the relevant legislation in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

Quotation in original language: Statuto Trentino-Alto Adige (DPR n. 670 del 31 agosto 1972) art. 19: nella provincia di Bolzano l'insegnamento nelle scuole (...) è impartito nella lingua materna italiana o tedesca degli alunni (...)Statuto Valle d'Aosta lo Statuto (Legge Costituzionale n. 4 del 26 febbraio 1948) art. 39: Nelle scuole di ogni ordine e grado, dipendenti dalla Regione (...) ’insegnamento di alcune materie può essere impartito in lingua francese.

Quotation in English: Statuto Trentino-Alto Adige (DPR n. 670 del 31 agosto 1972) art. 19: in all schools of the Bolzano province the medium of instruction has to be the students' mother tongue, either the Italian or the German language Statuto Valle d'Aosta (Legge Costituzionale n. 4 del 26 febbraio 1948) art. 39: In all regional schools the medium of instruction for specific subjects can be French.

3.2.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

3.2.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

3.3 Is there any regulation in your country that gives the official language(s) a declared status as mediums of instruction in secondary schools?

No

3.3.1 Quote the relevant legislation in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

3.3.2 Please state which languages are used as languages of instruction.

Italian

3.3.3 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

3.3.4 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

3.4 Are there other (regional or local) regulations concerning the use of the official or other languages as mediums of instruction in secondary schools?

Yes

3.4.1 Quote the relevant legislation in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

Quotation in original language: Statuto Trentino-Alto Adige (DPR n. 670 del 31 agosto 1972) art. 19: nella provincia di Bolzano l'insegnamento nelle scuole (...) è impartito nella lingua materna italiana o tedesca degli alunni (...)Statuto Valle d'Aosta lo Statuto (Legge Costituzionale n. 4 del 26 febbraio 1948) art. 39: Nelle scuole di ogni ordine e grado, dipendenti dalla Regione (...) ’insegnamento di alcune materie può essere impartito in lingua francese.

Quotation in English: Statuto Trentino-Alto Adige (DPR n. 670 del 31 agosto 1972) art. 19: in all schools of the Bolzano province the medium of instruction has to be the students' mother tongue, either the Italian or the German language Statuto Valle d'Aosta (Legge Costituzionale n. 4 del 26 febbraio 1948) art. 39: In all regional schools the medium of instruction for specific subjects can be French

3.4.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

Not authorized

3.4.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

4. Instruction in and use of languages at university level

4.1 Is there any regulation in your country that gives the official langauge(s) a declared status as mediums of instruction at university level?

No

4.1.1 Please state which languages are used as languages of instruction.

Italian

4.1.2 Quote the relevant legislation in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

4.1.3 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

4.1.4 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

4.2 Are there any (national, regional, local, or other) regulations about the language in which bachelor’s, master’s or doctoral courses and programs should be taught?

No

4.2.1 Please quote the relevant article(s) in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

4.2.2 Are there other (regional or local) regulations concerning the language of instruction in university research programs?

No

4.2.2 Please quote the relevant article(s) in the original language and in English, including the exact reference.

4.2.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

4.3 Select the five biggest universities of your country (by means of number of students) covering all academic fields (humanities, social sciences and natural sciences).

4.3.1 What percentage of the master’s programs in the five selected universities is taught in English?

Between 0-25%

No answer
Between 0-25%
Between 26-50%
Between 51-75%
More than 75%

4.3.2 What percentage of the master’s programs for the humanities in the five selected universities is taught in English?

Between 0-25%

No answer
Between 0-25%
Between 26-50%
Between 51-75%
More than 75%

4.3.3 What percentage of the master’s programs for social sciences in the five selected universities is taught in English?

Between 0-25%

No answer
Between 0-25%
Between 26-50%
Between 51-75%
More than 75%

4.3.4 What percentage of the master’s programs for mathematics and natural sciences in the five selected universities is taught in English?

Between 0-25%

No answer
Between 0-25%
Between 26-50%
Between 51-75%
More than 75%

4.3.5 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

4.4 Select the five biggest universities of your country (by means of number of students) covering all academic fields (humanities, social sciences and natural sciences).

4.4.1 What is the overall percentage of the PhD dissertations in your country that are written in English?

Between 0-25%

No answer
Between 0-25%
Between 26-50%
Between 51-75%
More than 75%

4.4.2 What is the overall percentage of the PhD dissertations in the humanities in your country that are written in English?

Between 0-25%

No answer
Between 0-25%
Between 26-50%
Between 51-75%
More than 75%

4.4.3 What is the overall percentage of the PhD dissertations in the social sciences in your country that are written in English?

Between 0-25%

No answer
Between 0-25%
Between 26-50%
Between 51-75%
More than 75%

4.4.4 What is the overall percentage of the PhD dissertations in the mathematics and natural sciences in your country that are written in English?

Between 0-25%

No answer
Between 0-25%
Between 26-50%
Between 51-75%
More than 75%

4.4.5 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

4.5 Are there any regulations about the language in which a PhD (doctoral) dissertation should be written?

No

4.5.1 Please quote the relevant article(s), including the exact reference.

4.5.2 Is the English translation of the quotation autorized?

4.5.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

4.6 If PhD dissertations can be written In English, is it compulsory to add a summary in the official language or one of the official languages of your country?

No answer

4.6.1 Please quote the relevant article(s), including the exact reference.

4.6.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

4.6.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

4.7 Are there any established scientific journals in your country partly or fully published in the official language(s)?

Yes

4.7.1 In what scientific fields are those journals?

Humanities / Social sciences / Mathematics and natural sciences

4.7.2 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

4.8 Do foreign students who wish to sign up for a course (conducted in your country’s official language) at a university in your country have to pass a language proficiency test (in your country´s official language) prior to registration?

No answer

4.8.1 How many universities selected under 4.3 require foreign students (seeking to sign up for a course conducted in your country’s official language) to pass a special language proficiency test (in your country’s official language) prior to registration?

4.8.2 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

Comments on 4.8: Only if they are overseas not EC

5. Media

5.1 Are there any daily papers written in a language other than your country’s official language(s) that are produced in your country and distributed nationwide or in a substantial part of the nation?

Yes

5.1.1 Please list the papers.

"Alto Adige" has two pages a day in German

5.1.2 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

There are many local newspapers written in English for the local English-speaking community ( Easy Milano in Milan, The Florentine in Florence, etc.

5.2 Has/have the official language(s) of your country a declared status as a medium of communication in the public service contracts with radio and/or TV broadcasters in your country?

No

5.2.1 Please quote the relevant article(s), including the exact reference.

5.2.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

5.2.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

5.3 How do public service television and film distributors in your country generally deal with languages other than your country’s official language(s) when broadcasting foreign films for adults?

5.3.1 Broadcast in original language

Rarely/never

5.3.2 Broadcast in original language with voice-over

Rarely/never

5.3.3 Broadcast with dubbing

Mostly/always

5.3.4 Broadcast with subtitles

Rarely/never

5.3.5 Dual-channel sound (broadcast in two languages)

Rarely/never

5.3.6 Other:

5.3.7 Other:

5.4 How do public service television and film distributors in your country generally deal with languages other than your country’s official language(s) when broadcasting foreign films for children?

5.4.1 Broadcast in original language

Rarely/never

5.4.2 Broadcast in original language with voice-over

Rarely/never

5.4.3 Broadcast with dubbing

Mostly/always

5.4.4 Broadcast with subtitles

Rarely/never

5.4.5 Dual-channel sound (broadcast in two languages)

Rarely/never

5.4.6 Other:

5.4.7 Other:

5.4.8 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

5.5 Is there any legal/official regulation in your country concerning the amount of radio broadcasting popular and folk vocal music in the official language(s)?

No

5.5.1 Please quote the relevant article(s), including the exact reference.

5.5.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

5.5.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

6. Business

6.1 Is there a legal/official regulation in your country concerning the use of languages in industry, commerce, business or other working environments?

No

6.1.1 Please quote the relevant article(s), including the exact reference.

6.1.2 Is the English translation of the quotation authorised?

6.1.3 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

6.2 In which languages are the companies´ annual reports written in your country? List the ten largest companies (by number of employees). The companies should have their main location in your country and be a major employer.

Company name and status:: Fiat

Rated use of languages:: Italiano, inglese

Company name and status:: Pirelli

Rated use of languages:: Italiano, inglese

Company name and status:: Ansaldo

Rated use of languages:: Italiano, inglese

Company name and status:: Telecom Italia

Rated use of languages:: Italiano, inglese

Company name and status:: Autogrill

Rated use of languages:: Italiano, inglese

Company name and status:: Benetton

Rated use of languages:: Italiano, inglese

Company name and status:: Luxottica

Rated use of languages:: Italiano, inglese

Company name and status:: Geox

Rated use of languages:: Italiano, inglese

Company name and status:: Snam

Rated use of languages:: Italiano, inglese

Company name and status:: Tod's

Rated use of languages:: Italiano, inglese

6.2.1 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

6.3 What are the official website languages of those ten companies?

Company name and status:: Fiat

Company name and status:: Pirelli

Company name and status:: Ansaldo

Company name and status:: Telecom Italia

Company name and status:: Autogrill

Company name and status:: Benetton

Company name and status:: Luxottica

Company name and status:: Geox

Company name and status:: Snam

Company name and status:: Tod's

6.3.1 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

Comments on 6.3: They have the website in Italian + website in other languages

7. Dissemination of official languages abroad

7.1 In how many foreign countries around the world (where your country’s language is not an official language) is there an opportunity of obtaining a master’s degree in your country’s official language as a field of study?

more than 100 countries

7.1.1 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

7.2 Please indicate the number of universities worldwide where students can obtain a master’s degree in your country’s official language. (Exclude countries where your official language is an official language.)

more than 100 countries

7.2.1 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

7.3 Which languages are officially taught as foreign languages in your country’s primary and/or secondary schools?

English: Primary school / Secondary school

French: Primary school / Secondary school

German: Primary school / Secondary school

Spanish: Primary school / Secondary school

7.3.1 Comments on question, explanation of answers, sources

8. Language organisations

8.1 What are the most important public, non-governmental but publicly funded, and private organisations for your country’s official language(s) and for the other indigenous languages?

8.1.1

Name (official and English translation): Accademia della Crusca

Language(s):: Italian

Mission: : The Accademia della Crusca is a leading institutions in the field of research on the Italian language. At present its main activities are:


- supporting scientific activity and the training of new researchers in Italian linguistics and philology through its Centres and in cooperation with Universities;
- acquiring and spreading the knowledge of the history of the Italian language and the awareness of its present evolution in the context of the cross-linguistic exchanges;
- collaborating with the most important foreign institutions as well as with Italian and European Governments, to support multilingualism.

URL:: www.accademiadellacrusca.it

Structure:: Publicly founded

8.1.2

ame (official and English translation): Società Dante Alighieri

Language(s):: Italiano

Mission: : Art. 1 Statuto sociale
“tutelare e diffondere la lingua e la cultura italiane nel mondo, ravvivando i legami spirituali dei connazionali all’estero con la madre patria e alimentando tra gli stranieri l’amore e il culto per la civiltà italiana”.


(It is a society dedicated to the development of the Italian language and culture in the world)

URL:: http://www.ladante.it/

Structure:: Public

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8.1.5

8.1.6

8.1.7

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8.1.9

8.1.10 Feel free to add futher