Language 1: Romanian
Use:: National
Use in percentages:: >75%
Language 1: Romanian
Comments on 1.3: Constituția României, 2003
Yes
1.0: Hungarian
2.0: Polish
3.0: Serbian
Original language: În unităţile administrativ-teritoriale în care cetăţenii aparţinând unei minorităţi naţionale au o pondere semnificativă se asigură folosirea limbii minorităţii naţionale respective în scris şi oral în relaţiile cu autorităţile administraţiei publice locale şi cu serviciile publice deconcentrate, în condiţiile prevăzute de legea organică. Cetăţenii români aparţinând minorităţilor naţionale au dreptul să se exprime în limba maternă în faţa instanţelor de judecată, în condiţiile legii organice.
English translation: In the territorial-administrative units where citizens belonging to a national minority have a significant weight, provision shall be made for the oral and written use of that national minority's language in the relations with the local public administration authorities and the decentralized public services, under the terms stipulated by the organic law.
‘(1) The legal procedure shall be conducted in Romanian.
(2) Romanian citizens belonging to national minorities have the right to express themselves in their mother tongue before the courts of law, under the terms of the organic law.
(3) The ways for exercising the right stipulated under paragraph (2), including the use of interpreters or translations, shall be stipulated so as not to hinder the proper administration of justice and not to involve additional expenses to those interested.'
art. 120
(2) 'In the territorial-administrative units where citizens belonging to a national minority have a significant weight, provision shall be made for the oral and written use of that national minority's language in the relations with the local public administration authorities and the decentralized public services, under the terms stipulated by the organic law.’
‘(1) The legal procedure shall be conducted in Romanian.
(2) Romanian citizens belonging to national minorities have the right to express themselves in their mother tongue before the courts of law, under the terms of the organic law.
(3) The ways for exercising the right stipulated under paragraph (2), including the use of interpreters or translations, shall be stipulated so as not to hinder the proper administration of justice and not to involve additional expenses to those interested.'
art. 120
(2) 'In the territorial-administrative units where citizens belonging to a national minority have a significant weight, provision shall be made for the oral and written use of that national minority's language in the relations with the local public administration authorities and the decentralized public services, under the terms stipulated by the organic law.’
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Constituția României, art. 120, 128, 2003
Comments on 1.4: The languages, other than the official languages I mentioned under 1.2, that can be used in regional courts and/or regional administrations,are more than the 3 mentioned above, but they are not nominated in the legislation. The Romanian laws include in general linguistic rights for all minority groups that form over 20% of a locality's population. This includes access to local administration and justice system.
Yes
1.0: Albanian
2.0: Armenian
3.0: Bulgarian
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Legea 282 pentru ratificarea Cartei europene a limbilor regionale sau minoritare, passim, 2007
Comments on 1.5: Mindestens 20 languages, see below 1.8.1.
1.0: Romanian (Moldovan)
2.0: Chinese
3.0: Turkish
Comments on 1.6: The number of users of the languages spoken by immigrants is unknown; http://www.recensamantromania.ro/rezultate-2/
Country 1 (outside the European Union): R. of Moldova
Comments on 1.7: In the R. of Moldova under the name of Moldovan; 'The national language of the Republic of Moldova is Moldovan’ (The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, art. 13 (1), http://www.presedinte.md/const.php?lang=eng)
Yes
Albanian, Armenian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Romani, Russian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovakian, Tatar, Turkish, Ukrainian, Yiddish
none
Comments on 1.8: Legea 282/2007 pentru ratificarea Cartei europene a limbilor regionale sau minoritare, http://www.dri.gov.ro/documents/B2-Law%20for%20the%20Ratification%20of%20the%20Language%20Charter.pdf
Yes
none
Comments on 1.9: Legea 33/1995 privind ratificarea Convenției-cadru pentru protecția minorităților naționale
Yes
Original language: În România, limba oficială este limba română.
English translation: In Romania, the official language is Romanian.
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Constituția României, art. 13, 2003
Yes
The Constitution of Romania doesn't state any national/main language, but only one official language
No
n/a
Comments on 2.2 : No quotatio, no English translation; there is only a law (500/2004) regarding the use of the Romanian language in public places, relations and institutions , not in official matters
Yes
Original language: Public administration:
În unităţile administrativ-teritoriale în care cetăţenii aparţinând unei minorităţi naţionale au o pondere semnificativă se asigură folosirea limbii minorităţii naţionale respective în scris şi oral în relaţiile cu autorităţile administraţiei publice locale şi cu serviciile publice deconcentrate...
În unităţile administrativ-teritoriale în care cetăţenii aparţinând minorităţilor naţionale au o pondere de peste 20% din numărul locuitorilor, autorităţile administraţiei publice locale, instituţiile publice aflate în subordinea acestora, precum şi serviciile publice deconcentrate asigură folosirea, în raporturile cu aceştia, şi a limbii materne...
Lucrările şedinţelor se desfăşoară în limba română. În consiliile locale în care consilierii locali aparţinând unei minorităţi naţionale reprezintă cel puţin o cincime din numărul total, la şedinţele de consiliu se poate folosi şi limba maternă. În aceste cazuri se va asigura, prin grija primarului, traducerea în limba română. În toate cazurile, documentele şedinţelor de consiliu se întocmesc în limba română.
În unităţile administrativ-teritoriale în care cetăţenii aparţinând unei minorităţi naţionale au o pondere de peste 20% din numărul locuitorilor hotărârile cu caracter normativ se aduc la cunoştinţă publică şi în limba maternă a cetăţenilor aparţinând minorităţii respective, iar cele cu caracter individual se comunică, la cerere, şi în limba maternă.
În raporturile dintre cetăţeni şi autorităţile administraţiei publice locale se foloseşte limba română.
În unităţile administrativ-teritoriale în care cetăţenii aparţinând unei minorităţi naţionale au o pondere de peste 20% din numărul locuitorilor, în raporturile lor cu autorităţile administraţiei publice locale, cu aparatul de specialitate şi organismele subordonate consiliului local, aceştia se pot adresa, oral sau în scris, şi în limba lor maternă şi vor primi răspunsul atât în limba română, cât şi în limba maternă.
... în posturile care au atribuţii privind relaţii cu publicul vor fi încadrate şi persoane care cunosc limba maternă a cetăţenilor aparţinând minorităţii respective.
Autorităţile administraţiei publice locale vor asigura inscripţionarea denumirii localităţilor şi a instituţiilor publice de sub autoritatea lor, precum şi afişarea anunţurilor de interes public şi în limba maternă a cetăţenilor aparţinând minorităţii respective...
Actele oficiale se întocmesc în mod obligatoriu în limba română.
În termen de două zile de la rămânerea definitivă a hotărârii de validare, preşedintele consiliului judeţean care a fost validat depune în faţa preşedintelui tribunalului şi a prefectului, în şedinţă publică, următorul jurământ în limba română...: În judeţele în care cetăţenii aparţinând unei minorităţi naţionale au o pondere de peste 20% din numărul locuitorilor ordinea de zi [a şedinţei consiliului judeţean] se aduce la cunoştinţă publică şi în limba maternă a cetăţenilor aparţinând minorităţii respective.
Judiciary institutions:
Cetăţenii români aparţinând minorităţilor naţionale au dreptul să se exprime în limba maternă în faţa instanţelor de judecată...
Procedura judiciară se desfăşoară în limba română.
Cetăţenii români aparţinând minorităţilor naţionale au dreptul să se exprime în limba maternă, în faţa instanţelor de judecată...
În cazul în care una sau mai multe părţi solicită să se exprime în limba maternă, instanţa de judecată trebuie să asigure, în mod gratuit, folosirea unui interpret sau traducător autorizat.
În situaţia în care toate părţile solicită sau sunt de acord să se exprime în limba maternă, instanţa de judecată trebuie să asigure exercitarea acestui drept, precum şi buna administrare a justiţiei, cu respectarea principiilor contradictorialităţii, oralităţii şi publicităţii.
Cererile şi actele procedurale se întocmesc numai în limba română.
Dezbaterile purtate de părţi în limba maternă se înregistrează, consemnându-se în limba română.
English translation: Public administration:
In the territorial-administrative units where citizens belonging to a national minority have a significant weight, provision shall be made for the oral and written use of that national minority's language in the relations with the local public administration authorities and the decentralized public services...
The local council shall meet, monthly, on ordinary sittings, upon the convening by the mayor.
In the communes or towns in which the share of the citizens belonging to a national minority is over 20% of the number of inhabitants, these shall be informed of the agenda also in their language, too.
The sittings of the local council shall be public, except for the cases in which the councillors decide, by majority of votes, that these should be held with closed doors.
The proceedings of the sittings shall be carried on in the Romanian language, the official language of the State. In the local councils in which the councillors belonging to a national minority represent at least one third of the total number, the mother tongue may also be used in the council sittings. In such cases, the translation into Romanian language shall be ensured by the courtesy of the mayor. In all the cases, the documents of the council sittings shall be drawn up in the Romanian language.
The Romanian language shall be used in the relations between the citizens and the local public administration authorities.
In the territorial-administrative units in which the citizens belonging to a national minority hold a share of over 20% of the total number of the inhabitants, in their relations with the local public administration authorities and with the own specialty apparatus, they may also address themselves, orally or in writing, in their mother tongue and shall receive the answer both in the Romanian language and in their mother tongue.
... persons that know the mother tongue of the citizens belonging to the respective minority shall also be employed in the positions regarding public relations.
The local public administration authorities shall ensure the inscribing of the name of the localities and institutions under their authority, as well as the posting up of the announcements of public interest also in the mother tongue of the citizens belonging to the respective minority... The official documents shall be compulsorily drawn up in the Romanian language.
Judiciary institutions: Romanian citizens belonging to national minorities have the right to express themselves in their mother tongue before the courts of law...
The judicial procedure shall take place in Romanian.
Romanian citizens who belong to national minorities shall be entitled to express themselves in their mother tongue, before the courts of law...
If one or several parties require to speak in their mother tongue, the court of law shall be bound to provide, free of charge, the use of an authorised interpreter or translator.
If all parties require or agree to speak in their mother tongue, the court of law shall have to ensure the exercise of that right, as well as the good administration of justice in observance of the principles of due hearing of the parties, oral expression, and open court.
Procedural petitions and documents shall be drawn up in Romanian only.
The recording of the debates of the parties in their mother tongue shall be provided by the presiding judge, by public dictation, and in Romanian only.
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Constituția României, art. 120, 128, 2003; Legea administraţiei publice locale 215, art. 19, 42, 50, 76, 89, 94, 2001; Legea 304 privind organizarea judiciară, art. 14, 2004
Yes
Comments on 2.3: The languaage used in government is the official language. Only the English translation of the quotation from the Constitution is authorized
Yes
Quotation in original language: Cetăţenia română se poate acorda, la cerere, persoanei fără cetăţenie sau cetăţeanului străin, dacă îndeplineşte următoarele condiţii:
f) cunoaşte limba română..., în măsură suficientă pentru a se integra în viaţa socială.
Comisia stabileşte... programarea persoanei la interviul organizat pentru verificarea condiţiilor prevăzute la... lit. f)
Quotation in English: The Romanian citizenship can be granted on request to that foreign citizen or to that person without citizenship who:
f) knows the Romanian language..., enabling him to integrate himself in the social life.
the Commission schedules... an interview with the respective person, which will be organized in order to verify the conditions stipulated in... line f)
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Legea 21 a cetățeniei române, art. 8, 15, 1991
Not authorized
Yes
N/A
No answer
Comments on 2.6: permanent residency doesn’t exist, but only long-term residence
No answer
permanent residency doesn’t exist, but only long-term residence
No
Romanian, the languages of national minorities and international languages
No
Comments on 3.1: There are regulations that state which languages are used as mediums of instruction at all leveles of education
Legea educației naționale 1, art. 10, 2001
No
No
Romanian, the languages of national minorities and international languages
No
Comments on 3.3: There are regulations that state which languages are used as mediums of instruction at all leveles of education
Legea educației naționale 1, art. 10, 2001
Legea educației naționale 1, art. 10, 2011
No
Comments on 3.4: There are regulations that state which languages are used as mediums of instruction at all leveles of education
Legea educației naționale 1, art. 10, 2001
No
Romanian, Hungarian, international languages
Comments on 4.1: Legea 1 a educației naționale, art. 135, 161, 2011
Yes
În învăţământul universitar pentru minorităţile naţionale, se asigură pregătirea în ciclul I de studii universitare - licenţă, în ciclul II de studii universitare - master şi în ciclul III de studii universitare - doctorat, precum şi în învăţământul postuniversitar, în limba maternă.
Doctoratul se poate desfăşura în limba română, în limba minorităţilor naţionale sau într-o limbă de circulaţie internaţională
In the higher education system for national minorities, cycle I ensures academic graduate studies, cycle II ensures master studies, and cycle III PhD studies, as well as postgraduate education, in the mother tongue.
The PhD may be in Romanian, in the language of the national minorities or in a frequently used foreign language
Legea 1 a educației naționale, art. 135, 161, 2011
No
No answer
No answer
No answer
No answer
No answer
No answer
No answer
No answer
Yes
Quotation in original language: Contractul de studii universitare de doctorat cuprinde cel puţin următoarele informaţii:
f) limba în care se redactează şi se susţine teza de doctorat: limba română, limba unei minorităţi naţionale sau o limbă de circulaţie internaţională.
Quotation in English: Contracts for doctoral studies should include at least the following information:
f) the language in which the thesis is written and defended: the Romanian language, the language of a national minority or a widely circulated language.
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): HG 681 privind aprobarea Codului studiilor universitare de doctorat, HG 681 privind aprobarea Codului studiilor universitare de doctorat, Codul studiilor universitare de doctorat, art. 23, 2011
Not authorized
No
Yes
Humanities / Social sciences / Mathematics and natural sciences
Yes
Comments on 4.8: Usually, international students learn Romanian during the preparatory year. The candidates who speak Romanian can skip the preparatory year after having passed a test of Romanian language.
http://www.shoe-design.ro/attachments/001_FOREIGN%20STUDENTS%20IN%20ROMANIA.pdf
Yes
Romaniai Magyar Szo, Kronika, Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung
http://www.dri.gov.ro/index.html?page=cultura_publicatii
Yes
Quotation in original language: Societatea Română de Radiodifuziune şi Societatea Română de Televiziune au, fiecare după profilul său, ca obiect de activitate:
a) realizarea programelor de radiodifuziune sau de televiziune în limba română, în limbile minorităţilor naţionale sau în alte limbi.
Quotation in English: According to their type, the activity of the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Corporation and of the Romanian Television Corporation shall have as an object:
a) the carrying out of radio broadcasting or television programmes, respectively, in the Romanian language, in the languages of the national minorities, or in other language
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Lege 41 privind organizarea şi funcţionarea Societăţii Române de Radiodifuziune şi Societăţii Române de Televiziune, art. 15, 1994
Authorized
Mostly/always
Rarely/never
Rarely/never
Mostly/always
Rarely/never
Rarely/never
Rarely/never
Mostly/always
Rarely/never
Rarely/never
No
Yes
Quotation in original language: Toate informaţiile privitoare la produsele şi serviciile oferite consumatorilor, documentele însoţitoare, inclusiv cele referitoare la informaţiile privind securitatea produsului şi instrucţiunile de utilizare, precum şi contractele, inclusiv cele preformulate, trebuie să fie scrise în limba română, indiferent de ţara de origine a acestora, fără a exclude prezentarea acestora şi în alte limbi.
(7) Operatorii economici de transport internaţional care îşi desfăşoară activitatea pe teritoriul României sunt obligaţi să ofere în scris consumatorilor, în completare la biletul de transport, indiferent de forma de prezentare a acestuia, informaţii în limba română referitoare la: itinerar, program, durată, distanţă, locul alocat în mijlocul de transport, condiţiile generale de transport, precum şi orice alte informaţii utile pentru consumatori, referitoare la serviciul respectiv.
Denumirea, instrucţiunile şi alte explicaţii în limbi străine, relevante pentru consumatorul român, referitoare la produsele comerciale de provenienţă străină, vor fi însoţite de traducerea în limba română, potrivit legislaţiei în vigoare.
Quotation in English: All the information concerning the products and the services offered to consumers, the accompanying documents, including those referring to the information concerning the product’s safety, the user’s instructions, as well as the contracts, including the pre-formulated ones, must be written in Romanian, irrespective of their country of origin, without precluding their presentation in other languages as well.
The economical operators of international transportation who carry out their activity on the territory of Romania have the obligation to offer the consumers in writing, for the completion of the transportation ticket, regardless of the latter’s form of presentation, information in Romanian concerning the: itinerary, schedule, duration, distance, place allotted in the means of transportation, general conditions of transportation, as well as any other information that is useful to consumers, regarding the respective service.
The name, user’s instructions and other explanations in foreign languages, which are relevant to the Romanian consumer, concerning the commercial products of foreign provenance shall be accompanied by the translation into Romanian, according to the current legislation.
Reference (name of the law, article number, date): Ordonanţă nr. 21 privind protecţia consumatorilor, art. 20, 1992
Legea 500 privind folosirea limbii române în locuri, relaţii şi instituţii publice, art. 4, 2004
Not authorized
Comments on 6.1: There are legal/official regulations only concerning the use of languages in commerce working environment
Company name and status:: COMPANIA NATIONALA POSTA ROMANA SA SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: COMPANIA NATIONALA DE CAI FERATE "CFR" S.A. SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: OMV PETROM S.A. P
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: REGIA NATIONALA A PADURILOR ROMSILVA RA SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: SOCIETATEA NATIONALA DE TRANSPORT FEROVIAR DE CALATORI CFR CALATORI S.A. SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: AUTOMOBILE-DACIA S.A. P
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: REGIA AUTONOMA DE TRANSPORT BUCURESTI RA SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: DELPHI PACKARD ROMANIA S.R.L. P
Rated use of languages:: ?
Company name and status:: CASA DE PRESA SI EDITURA RASUNETUL SRL ?
Rated use of languages:: ?
Company name and status:: SOCIETATEA NATIONALA DE TRANSPORT FEROVIAR DE MARFA "CFR MARFA" S.A. SO
Rated use of languages:: ?
Comments on 6.2: source: http://doingbusiness.ro/financiar/top/angajati/
Company name and status:: COMPANIA NATIONALA POSTA ROMANA SA SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: COMPANIA NATIONALA DE CAI FERATE "CFR" S.A. SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: OMV PETROM S.A. P
Rated use of languages:: Romanian, English
Company name and status:: REGIA NATIONALA A PADURILOR ROMSILVA RA SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: SOCIETATEA NATIONALA DE TRANSPORT FEROVIAR DE CALATORI CFR CALATORI S.A. SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian, English
Company name and status:: AUTOMOBILE-DACIA S.A. P
Rated use of languages:: Romanian, French, English
Company name and status:: REGIA AUTONOMA DE TRANSPORT BUCURESTI RA SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: DELPHI PACKARD ROMANIA S.R.L. P
Rated use of languages:: English
Company name and status:: CASA DE PRESA SI EDITURA RASUNETUL SRL
Rated use of languages:: Romanian
Company name and status:: SOCIETATEA NATIONALA DE TRANSPORT FEROVIAR DE MARFA "CFR MARFA" S.A. SO
Rated use of languages:: Romanian, English
No answer
No answer
English: Primary school / Secondary school
French: Primary school / Secondary school
German: Primary school / Secondary school
Greek: Primary school / Secondary school
Italian: Primary school / Secondary school
Japanese: Primary school / Secondary school
Portugese: Primary school / Secondary school
Russian: Primary school / Secondary school
Turkish: Primary school / Secondary school
Name (official and English translation): Institutul Limbii Române / Romanian Language Institute
Language(s):: Romanian
Mission: : promoting the Romanian language worldwide
Relation to national government:: under the auspices of the Romanian Ministry of National Education
Activities:: providing support and training for learners of Romanian in over 24 countries; ensuring the logistic support and collaboration of the Romanian Lectorates functioning in academic institutions abroad; administering Romanian proficiency exams; developing language proficiency programs for the Romanian communities, and ensuring that heritage and second-generation speakers of Romanian engage in cultural and linguistic projects; promoting Romanian culture through literary and artistic events: lectures, academic conferences and symposia, workshops, poetry and fiction readings, theatrical performances; establishing RLI supervised Romanian examination centers
URL:: http://www.ilr.ro/home.php?lmb=1
Comments:: Founded in 1999, the Romanian Language Institute has over 41 Romanian Lectorates and 43 lecturers operating in prestigious university centers across three continents: Europe, Asia and America
Structure:: Publicly founded
ame (official and English translation): Asociația Liga Albanezilor din România (ALAR) / Association of the League of the Albanese from Romania
Language(s):: Albanian
Mission: : supporting and promoting the ethnic identity of Albanians form Romania
Relation to national government:: NGO, member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities:: publications: Prietenul albanezului, magazine in Romanian and Albanian; Privirea Publishing House has published bilingual editions of poetry (Romanian-Albanian), Pergamente - Pergamenë by Sorin Arbănaș¸Nori reci - Re te ftohta de Ermir Nika; Oglinzi literare - Pasqyra letrare by Luan Topciu; Frazeologie comună româno-albaneză by Renata Topciu; music CDs and audio cassettes in Romanian and Albanian of the Serenada band
URL:: http://www.alar.ro/
Structure:: Private
ame (official and English translation): Uniunea Armenilor din România (UAR) / The Armenian Union of Romania (AUR)
Language(s):: Armenian
Mission: : preserving the indigenous cultural and spiritual heritage of Armenians
Relation to national government:: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Structure:: the Management board comprises 20 academics and intellectuals; UAR has several branches in Bucharest, Constanţa, Piteşti, Iaşi, Galaţi, Suceava, Cluj-Napoca, Gherla, Focşani
Activities:: a Publishing House that publishes books and the periodicals Ararat (it appears twice a month and it is written in Romanian) and Nor Ghiank „Viaţă Nouă" (montly, in Armenian); organising conferences, exhibitions, lunching new books and publications, supporting the Armenian school „Misakian-Kesimian" of Bucharest (Sunday classes); it organises weekly schools in Bucharest Constanţa, Cluj-Napoca and Gherla
URL:: URL: http://www.uniuneaarmenilor.ro/
Structure:: Private
ame (official and English translation): Uniunea Bulgară din Banat - România (UBBR) / Union of Bulgarians from Banat
Language(s):: Banat Bulgarian literary language
Mission: : promoting appropriate measures allowing Romania Bulgarian minority citizens to preserve the essential elements of their identity, namely their religion, language, traditions and cultural heritage
Relation to national government:: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities:: cultural and scientific seminars, debates, symposia, offering mainly to Bulgarian citizens from Romania the opportunity to manifest in the sphere of culture, native language, religion, education, public life; development of strategies aimed at promoting opportunities for access to education in the mother tongue; it publishes Náša glás "Our Voice" (biweekly newspaper), press organ of the UBBR; the monthly magazine Literaturna miselj Dastardly Literaturna (literary magazine); Lucifer Bulgarian / Balgarska Zorn (bilingual publication)
URL:: http://uniunea-bulgara.blogspot.ro/
Structure:: Private
ame (official and English translation): Uniunea Croaților din România (UCR) Union of Croats from Romania
Language(s):: Croatian
Mission: : preserving the ethnic identity of Croats from Romania; learning Croatian as mother tongue and Croatian culture; supporting the establishment and development of education in Croatian; researching and promoting Romanian and Croatian oral and written culture; publications in both Romanian and Croatian; promoting radio-tv shows in Croatian
Relation to national government:: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Structure:: UCR is mainly organized regionally: Caraşova and Timiş regions; its main form of organisation is the local organisation; the communal organisation comprises several local organisations; UCR is governed by the following bodies: The General Assembly of the local and regional organisation; The Communal and Local Conference; The National Congress or Conference; The Managing Body of UCR; The Executive Office of the Managing Body made up of a president, a general secretary and three vice-presidents; a financial advisor; several commissions specialised on different problems
Activities:: education, arts, culture, publishing the bilingual (Croatian-Romanian) newspaper Hrvatska grančica ; establishing a library
URL:: http://www.zhr-ucr.ro/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=74
Structure:: Private
ame (official and English translation): Uniunea Elenă din România (UER) / Hellenic Union from Romania
Language(s):: (Modern) Greek
Mission: : the promotion of the mother language, of the Hellenic culture, civilization, customs and traditions
Relation to national government:: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Structure:: HUR is governed by the Congress, the Council of the Union, the Standing Bureau, the Ethics, Discipline and Statute’s Supervision Commission, an Audit Commission
Activities:: all undertaken actions have materialized in a quarterly bilingual periodical, Elpis-Speranța, the journal Dialog cu timpul, book editing about the Greeks in Romania, Greek language courses starting with kindergarten; two major events take place annually: the Greek language National Competition and the Festival of Hellenism in Romania
URL:: http://www.uniunea-elena.ro
Structure:: Private
ame (official and English translation): Federația Comunităților Evreiești din România (FCER) / Federation of the Jewish Communities from Romania FEDROM
Language(s):: Hebrew, Yiddish
Mission: : The first priority is Jewish education
Relation to national government:: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Structure:: FEDROM reunites 37 communities of the Jews from Romania; there are also a number of 26 smaller communities; the Organization of Young Jews of Romania (OTER) is also part of FEDROM; the board of leadership: 36 members, of which 11 are presidents of the communities; the board of directors: 9 elected members from among the members of the board of leadership; the executive leadership: president, vice-president, secretary general; the ethics committee
Activities:: assuring a regular issue of the bimonthly Jewish Reality/Realitatea Evreiască magazine (in Romanian, with articles in Hebrew and English), as well as other publications edited by the Jewish communities; continuously developing the editing and printing activities at the Hasefer Publishing House
URL:: http://www.fcer.jewishfed.ro/public_html/index.php
Structure:: Private
ame (official and English translation): Forumul Democrat al Germanilor din România (FDGR) / Democratic Forum of Germans from Romania (DFDR)
Language(s):: German
Mission: : promoting the interests of its members, Romanians of German origin; protecting and encouraging the preservation and development of their ethnic and cultural identity as well as their mother tongue by means of political, social, economic and cultural activities; supporting the existence and development of all levels of education in German; preserving the high quality of German education in Romania
Relation to national government:: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Structure:: local organisations from a specific area are gathered in regional forums (Transylvania = Saxons, i.e. German: Siebenbürger Sachsen; Landlers; North Transylvania = Swabs, and Germans from Satu Mare; Banat = Saxons, Germans from the Mountain Banat; Bucovina = Germans from Bucovina; Bucharest region = Germans living outside the Carpathian Mountains. The National Forum is made up of all regional branches and is governed by the General Assembly. The General Assembly is made up of a national president, the presidents or vice-presidents of the regional branches, and a honorary president (if there is the case); there is a FDGR Parliament as well as delegates of the local or central branches; the president is elected for four years; the FDGR Managing Board is made up of the president, the honorary president (if there is the case), the presidents of the regional forums (who are also the vice-presidents of the FDGR), the presidents of local councils elected in the Romanian elections on FDGR lists, the members of the FDGR Parliament, the presidents of the FDGR specialised commissions, three elected members from the Banat and three from the Transylvania forums, two from the North Transylvania forum and one from the Extracarpathian and one from Bucovina forums, as well as the president of the National Youth Forum
Activities:: it supports cultural activities, conferences, publications, radio-tv programmes; it publishes Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung für Rumänien, the newspaper of the Romanian Germans; it organised the 11th edition of the Germans from Banat Days during which the German media Days took place
URL:: http://www.fdgr.ro/
Structure:: Private
ame (official and English translation): Asociația Italienilor din România Ro.As.It / Association of Italians from Romania Ro.As.It
Language(s):: Italian
Mission: : the preservation of the Italian customs and traditions, as well of the Italian language, culture and history on Romania; promoting the leading of Italian as mother tongue
Relation to national government:: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities:: it has published several books as well as the bilingual magazine Siamo di nuovo insieme" (also online); it has managed to re-establish Italian education in Romania
URL:: http://www.roasit.ro/
Structure:: Private
More language intitutions:: 10 Name (official and English translation): Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România (UDMR)/ Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (DAHR)
Language(s): Hungarian
Mission: Various specific goals including free use of mother tongue in private and public life, as well as in administration and justice; development of a native-language school system, with all levels and all types of instruction; DAHR emphasizes the importance of turning Hungarian into regional official language and of implementing actual multilingualism in Romania
Structure: the Congress is the utmost decisive body of the DAHR; the decisive bodies of the DAHR in between two Congresses are the Council of Representatives of the DAHR, the Permanent Council of the DAHR, and the DAHR Presidency; the General Secretariat is the executive body of the DAHR; the consulting bodies of the DAHR are: the Consulting Council of Regional Presidents, the Consulting Council of Platforms and the National Council of Self-Governments. The bodies credited with controlling are the Regulation Control Commission of the DAHR, the Ethical and Disciplinary Commission of the DAHR and the DAHR Control Commission
Public / publicly funded / private (please, underline)
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities:
URL: http://www.udmr.ro, http://www.dahr.ro in Hungarian, Romanian, English
Comments:
11. Name (official and English translation): Uniunea Polonezilor din România „Dom Polski” / Union of Poles from Romania ‘Dom Polski’
Language(s): Polish
Mission:
Structure:
Public / publicly funded / private (please, underline)
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities: supporting continuous learning of Polish (inviting guest Polish professors, teaching language methodology, supporting Polish Departments in schools and universities, educational trips to Poland for Romanian students, promoting school partnerships; it publishes online Polonus (a bilingual journal), and Mały Polonus (a children magazine); it supported the first Polish language and literature competition in Romanian (Olympiad)
URL: http://www.dompolski.ro/ in Polish and Romanian
Comments:
12. Name (official and English translation): Partida Romilor PRO EUROPA / Roma PRO EUROPA Party
Language(s): Romani
Mission:
Structure:
Public / publicly funded / private (please, underline)
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities: publishes Asul de treflă
URL: http://www.partidaromilor.ro in Romanian
Comments:
13. Name (official and English translation): Comunitatea Rușilor Lipoveni din România (CRLR) / Community of Lipovan Russians from Romania
Language(s): Russian
Mission: This organization promotes the material and spiritual assets of this ethnic group with an avowed purpose to revive the Russian mother tongue, the Old-Rite Orthodox faith, the culture, customs and traditions of Lipovan Russians
Structure:
Public / publicly funded / private (please, underline)
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities: From November 1990, CRLR has been publishing the first press organ of the organization, the bilingual (Russian and Romanian) monthly Zorile (Dawn); from October 1998, the bilingual culture monthly Kitej-Grad has come out in Jassy ; CRLR organises annual contests of Russian language and literature (Olympiads); CRL Tulcea organises courses of Russian for children and young people as well as courses for conversation on Russian
• URL: http://www.crlr.ro/ under reconstruction; http://www.obscina.ro/ in Russian and Romanian; http://crltulcea.ro/; https://www.facebook.com/Comunitatea.Rusilor.Lipoveni.Targu.Frumos; www.librariaonline.crlr.ro , www.tipografiadigitala.crlr.ro
Comments:
14. Name (official and English translation): Uniunea Sârbilor din România (USR) / Union of Serbs from Romania
Language(s): Serbian
Mission:
Structure: the USR General Assembly, the Managing Board (headed by a president and a secretary), the Executive Board, the Audit Commission; it has around 30 local organisations in four municipalities: Arad, Caraş-Severin, Mehedinţi and Timiş
Public / publicly funded / private (please, underline)
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities: publishes the weekly magazine Naša reč ‘Our word’ and the literary magazine Knjiženi život „The literary life”; it promotes Romanian education in Serbian; it has a public library with publications in Serbian
URL: http://savezsrba.ro, currently not working
Comments:
15. Name (official and English translation): Uniunea Democrată a Slovacilor și Cehilor din România (UDSCR) / Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs from Romania
Language(s): Slovak, Czech
Mission: preserving and promoting the ethnical identity of Slovaks and Czechs from Romania
Structure:
Public / publicly funded / private (please, underline)
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, parf of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities:
URL: No official website http://www.dzscr.ro
Comments:
16. Name (official and English translation): Uniunea Democrată a Tătarilor Turco-Musulmani din România (UDTTMR) / Democratic Union of Turkish-Muslim Tartars from Romania
Language(s): Tatar
Mission: Uniting all Tartars living in Romania; promoting and defending the community’s as well as individual rights of the UDTTMR members; to preserve, develop and voice their ethnical identity by educating the Turkish-Muslims Tartars from Romania; promoting the study of Tartar as mother tongue and of Tartar culture by means of public and private education, mass-media, publications, etc.
Structure: the Congress; the National Conference; the Council of Representatives, the Audit Commission; the Managing Board of the Representatives Council;
Public / publicly funded / private (please, underline)
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities: Güzel tǐlǐm ’My Beautiful Language’ contest organised during the ‘Tatar Language Day’ by the UDTTMR; publishes a bilingual (Romanian and Tartar) magazine Karadeñĭz ’Black Sea’
URL: www.uniuneatatara.ro in Tatar, Romanian and English
17. Name (official and English translation): Uniunea Democrată Turcă din România (UDTR) / Romanian Democratic Turkish Union
Language(s): Turkish
Mission: aims to voice, protect, and promote the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of the Turks from Romania, by preserving Turkish as mother tongue, Turkish literature, music, religion, traditions and any tangible assets, etc.
Structure: the National Conference, made up of representatives of all regional branches, has to elect every four years the Union's leadership ‒ the President, the First Vice-President, and the General Secretary.
Public / publicly funded / private (please, underline)
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities: publishes the bilingual magazine Hakses ’The Authentic Voice’; it organises Frumoasa mea limbă maternă (My beautiful mother tongue) contest
URL: http://www.udtr.ro/ in Turkish, Romanian and English
Comments:
18. Name (official and English translation): Uniunea Ucrainenilor din România (UUR) / Union of Ukrainians from Romania
Language(s): Ukrainian
Mission: defending the right of the Ukrainian minority to promote its identity, its language, culture and religion; UUR promotes minority language education; it works closely with the Romanian authorities in order to study and promote the history, the language, and traditions etc. of Ukrainians living in Romanian
Structure: the Congress, the Council (Rada), the Executive Board, the Audit Commission, the Ethics and Litigation Commission
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities: it organised the national competition of Ukrainian poetry recitation; it publishes the following journals: Curierul Ucrainean/Ukrainskyi Visnyk, Nas Holos, Vilne Slovo, Dzvonik/Clopoţel
URL: http://www.uur.ro/ in Ukrainian and Romanian
Comments:
19. Name (official and English translation): Asociatia Macedonenilor din România (AMR) / Association of Macedonians from Romania
Language(s): Macedonian
Mission: raising awareness of Macedonian language, culture and history, etc.
Structure: President, vice-president, secretary
Public / publicly funded / private (please, underline)
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities: AMR currently produces bilingual publications: a monthly magazine Macedoneanul – Machedonetot, of general interest, and two others Jenata na tretiot milenium (“The Woman of the Third Millennium”) and Detata na tretiot milenium (“The Child of the Third Millennium”); organising courses of Macedonian; it published Poezii od dușa, the first collection of poems in Macedonian, the authors being young people from Urzicuța
URL: http://www.asociatia-macedonenilor.ro in Romanian
Comments:
20. Name (official and English translation): Uniunea Culturală a Rutenilor din România / Cultural Union of Ruthenians from Romania (CURR)
Language(s): Ruthenian
Mission: preserving and raising awareness of the traditions and cultural values of the Ruthenians, as well as their history.
Structure:
Public / publicly funded / private (please, underline)
Relation to the national government: NGO; member of the Council of National Minorities, part of the Department for Interethnic Relations of the Romanian Government
Activities:
URL: http://www.rutenii.ro in Romaniana and Ruthenian
Comments: